Giving a rat some food in the same half of the cage as the bar experimenters want it to press is an example of shaping.
<h3>What is
shaping?</h3>
A conditioning paradigm known as shaping is frequently used to analyze behavior in experiments. Differential reinforcement of subsequent approximations is the technique utilized. B. F. Skinner first used pigeons to demonstrate it before expanding to include dogs, dolphins, humans, and other species.
By encouraging behaviors that advance toward the desired behavior, shaping affects behavior (operant response). Organisms can be trained to behave in ways that would only sometimes if ever, happen naturally through shaping.
Methods of Shaping Behavior:
- Positive reinforcement.
- Negative reinforcement.
- Punishment.
- Extinction.
- Schedules of reinforcement.
To know more about B. F. Skinner refer to: brainly.com/question/802392
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Answer:
C. Critical
Explanation:
A non-directional hypothesis talks about how an independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable. The direction of the effect isn’t a definite one.
This form of hypothesis would entail the use of a critical test to ascertain its authenticity due to the effect not being a definite one. This means extra tests and caution are employed in this case.
This is why critical tests is the right choice.
Innovation can be simply defined as a "new idea, creative thoughts, new imaginations in form of device or method". However, innovation is often also viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs, or existing market needs. Such innovation takes place through the provision of more-effective products, processes, services, technologies, or business models that are made available to markets, governments and society. The term "innovation" can be defined as something original and more effective and, as a consequence, new, that "breaks into" the market or society. Innovations tend to be produced by outsiders and founders in startups, rather than existing organizations. Innovation is related to, but not the same as, invention, as innovation is more apt to involve the practical implementation of an invention (i.e. new/improved ability) to make a meaningful impact in the market or society, and not all innovations require an invention.
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<span>This is the continuity and stage theory. In this viewpoint, development takes place gradually, with the person getting to a certain level of mastery, staying there for a period, then having breakthroughs that take them to another, higher level of accomplishment. Only after having learned the one tactic does the person become able to learn the next, more complex, step.</span>
