Calvin's idea is that the "elect" are those that are predestined for heaven, that who will go to heaven and hell is predetermined by God. This meant for a more liberal place in society, because what you actually did in life and what others did, didn't matter as much, you couldn't change your fate.
Cotton could also be obtained from Egypt and India
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Railroad expansion affected the US economy by creating jobs, establishing a national market, establishing a cattle industry on the Plains, and allowing certain people to acquire great wealth through investing in the railroad.
Railroads created a more interconnected society. Counties were able to more easily work together due to the decreased travel time. With the use of the steam engine, people were able to travel to distant locations much more quickly than if they were using only horse-powered transportation
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