Around 40% of living ferns are tropical epiphytes (plants that live on the surface of another plant), a reality that backings the theory that the starting point and inevitable control of angiosperms in tropical woodlands both uprooted and made new open doors for other plant ancestries.
C. electron transport and chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis<span> involves movement of </span>ions<span> across a </span>semipermeable membrane<span>, down their </span>electrochemical gradient<span>. More specifically, it relates to the generation of </span>adenosine triphosphate<span> (ATP) by the movement of </span>hydrogen<span> ions across a </span>membrane<span> during </span>cellular during respiration<span> </span><span>.</span>Hydrogen ions, or protons<span>, will </span>diffuse<span> from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration, and an </span>electrochemical concentration gradient<span> of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to make ATP. This process is related to </span>osmosis<span>, the diffusion of </span>water<span> across a membrane, which is why it is called "chemiosmosis".</span>
Trace element are needed only in small amounts and the plant do not ‘ die’ when they lack.
While insufficient supply of an essential element can lead to major diseases and inhibit main function of the plant and can ultimately kill the plant
