Answer: The next most appropriate step would be a LUMBAR PUNCTURE.
Explanation:
A LUMBAR PUNCTURE is a medical procedure that is usually carried out by a trained health personnel. It is a procedure that is carried out in the lumbar region of the spinal cord to access and obtain the cerebrospinal fluid which is used for further diagnosis of an underlying disease or illness.
A LUMBAR PUNCTURE is often adviced when the symptoms of a disease is related to the central nervous system. From the symptoms observed from the 19-year-old woman at the emergency department which includes:
--> generalized headache which is increasing in intensity,
--> blurred vision,
--> intermittent diplopia,
--> vague dizziness.
--> bilateral papilledema and
--> normal MRI of the brain.
Since the MRI of the brain is normal, the most appropriate step to be taken by the health care provider is a lumbar puncture which enables a direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid. This would help to rule out an elevated intracranial pressure which may be the cause of the generalized headache which is increasing in intensity.
Answer:
chlorination
Explanation:
The use of chlorination to treat drinking water, which began in 1913, reduces the incidence of waterborne diseases.
Answer:
The correct option is: a. PIH
Explanation:
The PRH or the prolactin-releasing hormone is the hormone responsible for stimulating the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin then stimulates the mammary glands of the mammals, usually females, to produce milk.
The PIH or the prolactin-inhibiting hormone, also known as dopamine, inhibits the production of prolactin and thus blocks the milk formation in males and non-pregnant females.
Answer:
The white blood cells i.e. granulocytes and macrophages are specifically stimulated by GM-CSF in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
Explanation:
The colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are the regulators of granulocytes and macrophages in blood. The CSFs has the potential to regenerate the white blood cells damaged during chemotherapy. Thus, CSFs mobilize the stem cells to enhance the immune process and produce hematopoietic cells such as granulocytes, macrophages in cancer patients. The CSFs resemble hormones that are specifically targeted to produce blood cells in specified regions where the quantity of those cells is low. The CSFs belong to a group of regulatory factors also known as cytokines and does not produce only a single cell type but stimulates colonies of different blood cell types for any specific organ. Hematopoietic cells produced by CSF are step-wise and formation of blast colonies take place initially. Afterwards, the blast cells regenerate and differentiated into multiple progenitor cells consisting of granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophills, erythroids, and lymphocytes. The progenitor cells in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage matures into neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.
Out of all types of CSF colonies, the Granulocyte-Macrophage (GM-CSF) colony is specially involved in regenerating immune responses in cancer patients. These cytokines stimulates the dendritic cell formation and produces dendritic activity against the cancerous cells. These GM-CSF colonies enhance the immune response of host against melanomas, tumors by reducing their growth and inducing remission. Hence, it can be said that granulocytes and macrophages are infection protective cells and elevates dangerously low levels of white blood cells in cancer patients following chemotherapy. The GM-CSF induction regenerates the bone marrow which is damaged and improves stem cells production.
