Hi. I think the details of what the author said were not included in your post. I researched and found similar question but with the additional information. Here's my answer:
According to the author, the conditions in Europe during 800's was chaotic. The Frankish Empire was disintegrated to federation of feudal lords, Church did not have power, knights forcing the peasants to pay taxes. Muslims controlled Spain.
Segregation had been considered constitutional under the lemma "separate but equal" during the Flessy vs. Ferguson case in 1896. The decision enacted by the US Supreme Court stated that the provision of rights guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution was secured for every US kid, as long as the educational facilities were equal in terms of quality, no matter whether white and black children were separated or not.
Fortunately, the decision subsequently reached in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 overturned the previous convictions and decisions of the Supreme Court, arguing how separating children solely in terms of race would trigger feelings of inferiority and discrimination in US black kids ans this would, in turn, affect their school performance and hence, it declared segregation to be unconstitutional and urged schools to remove such system.
Along the proclamation line
James Madison work at the Constitutional Convention earned him the title "Father of the Constitution"
<u>Explanation:</u>
James Madison who was the fourth president of the United States who served in the office from the year 1809 to the year 1817 and is known fondly by the name of The father of the constitution.
This name was given to him because of the contributions that he had made in the field of making of the bill of rights and the drafting of the first ten amendments. His role in the field of ratification was also one of the major reasons he was given this name as the father of the constitution.
