The Germans were also furious about the various terms of the Treaty. They hated clause 231 – the ‘War Guilt’ clause – which stated that Germany had caused ‘all the loss and damage’ of the war. Firstly, the Germans did not think that they had caused the war (for the Germans, the war was a war of self-defence against Russia, which had mobilised 31 July 1914). During the 1920s, the Germans published all their secret documents from 1914, to prove they had tried to stop the war. Secondly, the Germans hated clause 231 because accepting it gave the Allies the moral right to punish Germany – it validated all the harsh terms of the Treaty.
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The Carbonari (charcoal burners) were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in Spain, France, Portugal and possibly Russia
She exposed the harsh reality of slave life by writing the book Uncle Tom's Cabin
Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) was a German nobel, who afterwards became prince and an important diplomat in the centre of European politics during the Restoration period, until the revolutions of 1848 began.
The <em>Metternich System</em>, Congress System or Vienna System, initiated after the Congress of Viena (1815), guided international relationships in the continent during the period delimited above. It consisted on using congresses and multilateral treaties for conflict resolution and to prevent that they can end up escalating to war. Hence, the ultimate goal of the system was to keep peace.
The more conservative parties used the Metternich system aiming to extinguish the revolutionary movements that were flourishing in Europe, to weaken the nationalisms and to restore the former power balances.
In this context alliance would mean to come to a formal agreement to help each other.
