Answer: 1. Philosophe, any of the literary men, scientists, and thinkers of 18th-century France who were united, in spite of divergent personal views, in their conviction of the supremacy and efficacy of human reason.
The thinkers who called themselves philosophes were a diverse group who lived in France in the eighteenth century and led an intellectual movement that came to be called the Enlightenment.
2. He conceived the idea of separating government authority into the three major branches: executive, legislative and judicial. This perspective significantly influenced the authors of the Constitution in establishing laws and division of duties, and also in the inclusion of provisions to preserve individual liberties.
3. In his Treatise on Toleration he argued that religious intolerance was against the law of nature and was worse than the “right of the tiger": Human law must in every case be based on natural law. All over the earth the great principle of both is: Do not unto others what you would that they do not unto you.
4. In 1751, Diderot co-created the Encyclopédie with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors and the first to describe the mechanical arts. ... Diderot also became the main contributor, writing around 7,000 articles.
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