Constantinople was able to survive due to its <em>strategic</em> location and <em>sofisticated</em> system of fortifications.
Constantinople was able to survive as the <em>central</em> hub of the European culture throughout the early 1000s due to its strategic location, the city was located in a strait between the Black and Mediterranean Seas, between Europe and Asia, which allowed the city to be prevented from many invaders, from Hunes to Arabs.
In addition, the city counted with a sophisticated system of fortifications which made impossible any attempt of siege until the appearance of first developments on modern artillery in the 15th Century, and the city was well communicated with the most important nations in Eastern and Western Europe by sea (i.e. Italy, Carolingian Empire, Kiev' Rus), of which the city may receive reinforcements in desperate situations.
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The size of the Atlantic slave trade dramatically transformed African societies. The slave trade brought about a negative impact on African societies and led to the long-term impoverishment of West Africa. This intensified effects that were already present amongst its rulers, kingships, kingdoms and in society.
Jesus turned his body and blood into wine and bread. What he means is that whenever you receive the eucharist you are showing your belief in the lord, and will continue to do so until he returns.
Answer: give southern leaders the freedom to implement laws as they see it
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