Answer:
Answer is B, higher order conditioning.
Explanation:
Higher order conditioning is a situation or occurrence where a stimulus without effect,i.e a neutral stimulus, is connected or used together with a conditioned stimulus, in order to create the same output or result as the conditioned stimulus.
In the case of Marlene, the neutral stimulus is the closet door that squeak, initially, Marlene was not afraid of the squeaking of the closet door, but started getting afraid when she knew that the paddle was there. This is because she knew that the paddle was used for spanking her, which she feared a lot.
Imaginary war is a psychological warfare but in the brink of using nuclear warfare such as what happened during the cold war. They stopped using massive soldiers and be taken to alliance countries. The political benefit is power although they are just giving words it's already in the thin line of instigation. However, this created a negative impact on the people that anytime they are not sure if they would still live or not.
Answer:
it could possibly be 1. so that's my answer
b. Utilizing brain imaging techniques to investigate which parts of the brain are more active on certain tasks