The megasporangium in a pine cone is surrounded by an integument with a small opening called the micropyle.
Integuments in flowers are the maternal tissues or having a maternal beginning, as they originate from the ovular tissue or chalazal tissue (part of the lady reproductive gadget of a flower). A time period integument merely refers to the protecting layer. In terms of botany, an integument is a layer encircling the ovule.
A mature ovule consists of a meal tissue included by means of one or destiny seed coats, called integuments. A small establishing (the micropyle) within the integuments permits the pollen tube to enter and discharge its sperm nuclei into the embryo sac, a large oval cellular in which fertilization and improvement arise.
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So Mendel got roughly 75% yellow and 25% green in f2. This means that f1 contains all heterozygous genes, as shown below
Y y
Y YY Yy
y Yy yy
Summary: 75% YY or Yy, 25% yy
Which means that green (y) is a recessive phenotype, while yellow (Y) is a dominant phenotype, since plants with heterozygous genotype Yy express the yellow trait.
MRNA is a short lived form of genetic information that is used in transcribing the genetic information, hence it is not very useful for analysis since it is fragile and wrong transcriptions happen quite often. SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) are a form of genetic mutation; they are more frequent than most other mutations since a single transription error may lead to this. While SNPs are important in genetic analysis and getting information about causes of disease, they are not very helpful in determining your maternal lineage. Similarly, while nuclear DNA contains a large portion of our genetic information, half of it is from our fathers and half from our mothers, so the analysis becomes hazy very soon. Mitochondrial DNA instead is directly passed down from mother to her offspring since the embryo contains only the mitochondria of the ovary. Thus, studying differences between mitochondrial DNA, one can gain information about his maternal lineage and go back to Mitochondrial Eve, the person from which all living persons have gotten their mitochondria from. Thus, the correct answer is c.
