The Iroquois Confederacy, which consisted of the Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Mohawk, and Tuscarora nations, established an elaborate and sophisticated system of representative government, one that exists to this day and very likely existed well before Columbus stumbled upon the Americas. This system of government, called The Great Law of Peace, even has its own constitution, which was originally memorized and recited orally rather than written on paper.
In one instance in 1744, at a treaty council <span>between </span><span>the Iroquois and the colonies of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia</span>, an Iroquois leader named Canassatego strongly advised the American colonies to unite under a common government modeled on the Iroquois system. Ben Franklin admired Canassatego's speech so much that he printed it and distributed to cities all over America and Europe. Ben Franklin then proposed a unified colonial government at a gathering of colonial leaders a couple years later, calling it the Albany Plan of Union. That plan failed, but a similar plan (the U.S. Constitution) eventually succeeded.
First of all. A definition of these and other terms is necessary:
- Dar Al Islam: in Arabic it literally means the "House of Islam". It is an Islamic political/legal term referring to the countries where Islam is practiced by the vast majority of the inhabitants and where the government and all rulers are are Islamic.
- Dar Al Harb: literally means the "house of war" and applies to all countries that do not have an armistice or a treaty of peace with Muslims. According to Islamic jurisprudence, it is not only licit and legal to attack and harass such countries by any means possible until they accept to convert to Islam or accept being the vassals of an adjacent Caliphate.
- Zanj: Arabic meaning "black" or "<u>negro</u>" was the region of Southeast Africa on the Swahili coast that was populated by black Africans. Zanj was the name that Medieval Muslim geographers used to refer to that area. Arab and Persian colonists founded settlements on the coastal areas of these regions. They ruled them according to Sharia Law and held all political and economic power. The blacks or Zanj were either conscripted to fight in Muslim armies or were sold as slaves to all the Islamic countries located on the coasts of the Indian Ocean.
Now that those definitions have been provided the answer is much simpler:
In Dar Al Islam, the Muhammadans were the majority and they were above all other social groups. Society was organized around Islam and the government and the religion were one since Islam does not recognize the separation of religion and state. It is the "abode of peace" since it is considered Islamic land and all Muslim subjects enjoy supremacy and several rights and privileges over non-Muslim majorities. Any of the Muslim Caliphates is considered to be Dar Al Islam.
Zanj on the other hand, is located within what Islamic lawmakers considered Dar Al Harb, the "house of war". The inhabitants of this area were animist, black unbelievers that according to Islamic religious and political doctrine were legally under the power of Muslims that could rule them and enslave them and use them as cannon fodder for their armies. Of course, the Islamic settlements where the Arab and Persian rulers lived were small Dar Al Islam enclaves since the rulers and the laws were Islamic but Muslims were not the majority and Islam was officially at war with the local Zanj unbelievers. Furthermore, the Zanj were not Arabs and spoke no Arabic so they were of course barred from any government position and were not even protected as <em>dhimmis </em>since they were not a People of the Book. Therefore in Zanj, the relationship between government and religion was a colonial one, unlike the one in Dar Al Islam.
Answer:
In 1783, the United States had a much more hands-off approach to foreign policy. The country was too young, and was not very developed yet, and this meant that the U.S. government was primarily interested in keeping the country internally stable.
By 1828, the United States had become a stronger and wealthier country, and was becoming more active in foreign policy matters. To start, in 1812 it launched a war against Britain for the control of Canada, which it lost, and by 1828, the U.S. had the goal of taking much of the Northern territories of Mexico.
Joseph stalin used dictatorial methods to rule rooseverts people in Russia.IN Russia during his leadership non Russian nationalities were allowed their own school although the teaching had to according to expectation of communist doctrine.Many of the cities were named or renamed in honor for him as part of the cult of personality surrounding him.
