Answer is: Petrochemical production
The valinomycin treatment caused a decrease in the activity of the mitochondria.
Explanation:
When valinomycin treatment was given, the rate of ATP production is reduced in the cells treated. Since mitochondria are involved in ATP synthesis, it clearly shows that valinomycin inhibits mitochondrial action.
Valinomycin being a selective K+ ionophore, it can transfer potassium ions through selective lipid membranes. This can cause potassium effux in organelles like mitochondria leading to marked loss of potential of mitochondrial membrane and apoptosis in cells.
The effux of K+ ions forms a complex with valinomycin and slows down the mitochondrial part of ATP synthesis by reducing the proton-motive force, but does not block any oxygen electron transfer
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Answer: Acquired Active Immune Response System
Explanation:
Vaccines are substances that are prepared from the causative agent of a disease or its synthetic substitute, which is treated to mimic the actual antigen of the disease. This artificial antigen of the disease, thereby stimulates the production of antibodies that helps in fighting the disease and also provides immunity against the disease in the body.
A primary response system is stimulated in the presence of the vaccine, which acts as an antigen. In this way, an artificially acquired active immune response system is created naturally using vaccines.
Phase 1: Starts with the separation between populations. Separated populations become adapted to local conditions and become genetically differentiated over time.
Phase 2: Genetic isolation is completed, reproductive isolation develops mostly in the forms of prezygotic RIMs.
Answer:
New flu vaccines are released every year to keep up with rapidly adapting flu viruses. When you get vaccinated, your immune system produces antibodies to protect you from the viruses included in the vaccine. But antibody levels may decline over time — another reason to get a flu shot every year.
Explanation:
