If I’m not incorrect, DNA is made from amino acids
Answer:
TNF-alpha is expressed as a homotrimer that exerts its activities through binding to two types of receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are transmembrane glycoproteins characterized by having an extracellular domain with 4 cysteine-rich domains (CRD 1-4) , each with 3 cysteinecysteine disulfide bonds.
Explanation:
TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor), which has the characteristic of being a paracrine signaling ligand, is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions as a mediator of immune regulation, the inflammatory response and apoptosis in some cell types. Receptors in this family are involved, with some exceptions, in juxtacrine signaling; that is, both the ligand and the receptor are membrane proteins with extracellular domains through which signaling is established. The cellular responses promoted by TNF are initiated by its interaction with two different types of cell receptors, the type I receptor (55 kDa) and the type II receptor (75 kDa). Both types of receptors are part of the TNF receptor family, members of which include Fas antigen (apoptosis inducer, also called Apo-1 or CD95), CD27 (T-cell activation antigen), CD30 (lymphoma marker Hodgkin) and CD40 (B-cell antigen), which share the characteristic of cysteine-rich sequences in their extracellular domains. This family of cytokines generate cellular responses that include differentiation, proliferation, activation of NFκB and cell death, promoting the aggregation of receptor monomers, that is, they have a transmembrane domain that participates in the solubilization of the receptor and a domain of intracellular death that is involved in signal transduction. The binding of TNF to TNF-R1 induces a signaling cascade through its intracellular death domain, which subsequently leads to the activation of complex I (or inflammatory) of NFkB and proceeds to the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes, pro- inflammatory diseases and apoptosis complex II (caspases).
Though I cannot write this essay for you, I can provide some information to get you started on the relationship between ancestry and evolution.
<h3 /><h3>How are ancestry and evolution related?</h3>
Ancestry and evolution share a close relationship in that we can use one to learn about the other. Evolution can be <u>traced </u>using ancestry. By analyzing the genetic information of ancestral species and using information gathered about the environment in which they lived, we can deduce the impact of evolution on said species. One possible example is that penguins used to be capable of flight, but given their mostly aquatic environments, have evolved wings more suited for swimming, and lost the ability to fly as a result.
Therefore, we can say that ancestry and genetic information can be used to support the theory of evolution by examining how two species can be very different but share a common ancestor, and evolution can explain these changes.
To learn more about evolution visit:
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