All of the above would be important factors .
Because of the Civil war the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed. The 13th ended slavery, 14th guaranteed equal protection under the law, and 15th made illegal the denial of voting rights to all men regardless of race.
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Here's one website with a slideshow for your question: https://www.slideshare.net/crtfinnie/germany-after-wwii
