It was the English. The company was called the Dutch East India Company.
The Scopes trials was about a him teaching evolution in schools which they didnt allow back then. You can compare it with them elementary schools not allowing teachers to read "Little Red Riding Hood" in schools
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No I believe China gained there power by trading with other country's
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The Roman and Byzantine systems had problems whenever they had a run of several bad or weak Emperors in a row, and the Western Empire had such a run in the fifth century. It could survive the fifth century with better leadership and being able to tax the large landowners.