Answer:
The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G1 checkpoint. Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G2 checkpoint. Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint.
Explanation:
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Radiation is the mechanism of heat transfer by which heat travel in a straight line at the speed of light, allowing heat to travel through vacuums and air spaces.
Radiation in physics is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or matter medium. This includes:
- Electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays (γ)
- Particle radiation beams such as alpha rays (α), beta rays (β), proton rays, and neutron rays (with static energy non-zero particles)
- Acoustic Radiation such as ultrasound, sound waves, seismic waves (due to physical transmission media)
- Gravitational radiation in the form of gravitational waves, or waves of curvature of space-time
Radiation is often classified as either ionizing or non-ionizing, depending on the energy of the particles it hits.
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Vaccines are a boon in eradicating various lethal diseases and increase the immunity of the people. The development of vaccines started with the understanding the cell itself, various pathways that regulate its fate. The immunology, a branch of biological science, gave the idea of the working of the defense or the immune system of the body, and of the various specia cells that function for it. This led us to the discovery of antibodies and antigens. Vaciines are artificial means of injecting antigens into the body to generate antibodies beforehand, so that the immune system remembers producing it at the time disease causing agent strikes us.
Thus, we can summarise that STEM research or core science research has led to innovations that have shaped our lives and lifestyle to contribute to an overall good social health.
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