They were able to get things quickly and more efficiently as this is a much faster process capable of producing higher volumes with less money.
To be forgiven for past sins. The Pope offered forgiveness for anyone who took part. This was important for knights who had killed many people in battle.
To see the world, have an adventure and prove their bravery.
To get land overseas. This was tempting for a younger son who would not inherit his father's lands.
Serfs, peasants who belonged to their lord, joined the Crusades because the Pope promised them their freedom if they went.
To gain wealth.
Kings encouraged troublesome knights to go on Crusade because it got them out of the country.
Whereas previous Chief Justices of the Supreme Court (John Jay, John Rutledge, and Oliver Ellsworth) left little real mark behind in there tenures, Marshall established several principles essential to the modern Supreme Court.
Most essential, in the <em>Marbury v Madison </em>case, his court established that the Supreme Court had the authority to overrule both laws of Congress, and the states, as well as executive acts if the court rules them to be in direct violation of the Constitution.
Believe it or not, Judicial Review was not originally initially in the constitution as defined above, and Marshall's court established it as a power in the Judical branch.
1. Religious and territorial conflicts between states created fear and uncertainty.
-> 17th century was a period of great disruption in Europe; conflicts led to continuous warfare.
2. The growth of armies by government to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops.
-> population already suffering
3. Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts.
<span>In response to these crises, monarchs tried to impose order by increasing their own power.</span>
