John C. Calhoun suggested his idea of nullification as a substitute for potential secession in the 1820s. The correct answer is option(c).
John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesperson and governmental deep thinker from South Carolina he grasped many main positions containing being the seventh sin chief executive of the United States from 1825 to 1832. A resolute champion of the organization of labor, and a slave-landowner himself, Calhoun was the Senate's most famous states' rights advocate, and his welcome opinion of nullification avowed that individual states had a right to refuse allied procedures that they considered illegal.
The tax was so disliked in the South that it create dangers of withdrawal. John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson's sin leader and a native of South Carolina, projected the belief of nullification, that asserted the levy unconstitutional and then meaningless.
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Actually, there has been a lot of factors that paved the way for the rise of conservatism during the late 20th century, and one of which is the Vietnam War, wherein it was criticised to be much costly. In addition to that, the controversy of the Pentagon in the Iran Hostage Crisis were also significant events leading to conservatism.
It reduced the need for slaves,and was a much quicker process.