Answer:
b
Explanation:
analyze data, form hypothesis, perform experiment, draw conclusions
<span>The answer to your question is that all of the energy is ultimately radiated into empty outer space as heat. The second law of thermodynamics mandates that all processes that involve the transfer of energy MUST radiate a portion of this energy into space as waste heat. This is why when you run down the street you get hot and sweaty, and this is why automobiles MUST have a functioning radiator and nuclear power stations MUST have evaporation cooling towers or else be located near a large body of water to exchange excess waste heat into, etc., etc. It is also true that the transfer of energy at each step up the food chain is very inefficient. They say it takes around 50 lbs of corn to produce one pound of beef, and it probably takes 20-30 pounds of beef to produce one pound of human tissue. The rest of the energy just goes into your living room as radiated body heat. I hope this helps.</span>
Answers:
a) carcinogenic
b) anti-carcinogenic
c) carcinogenic
d) carcinogenic
e) carcinogenic
f) anti-carcinogenic
g) anti-carcinogenic
h) anti-carcinogenic
Explanation:
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression through the cell cycle, i.e., the transition of G1 to S phase. It is well known that high cyclin expression may lead to cell proliferation states, which is closely associated with cancer progression. Moreover, the blockage of cyclins may have an anti-carcinogenic effect by inhibiting the progression through the cell cycle. MAP kinases are serine/threonine kinases that regulate the progression through the cell cycle by phosphorylating a variety of substrates during cell proliferation. In consequence, phosphatases that inactivate MAPK kinases (i.e., by dephosphorylation) may have an anticarcinogenic effect. The p53 is a tumor suppressor protein involved in diverse cellular processes including DNA repair, cycle arrest and programmed cell death. This protein (p53) is activated by phosphorylation at target residues and phosphatases inactivate it, thereby the blockage of its degradation may have an anticarcinogenic effect. Oncogene activation (i.e., the expression of oncogenes), may alter diverse cellular processes including DNA replication, and thereby may lead to cancer development. The G-protein α subunit is a GTPase that hydrolyses GTP and thus has a major role in controlling the kinetics of the G-protein signaling cascade. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) are kinase receptors that play roles in regulating cellular differentiation, cell proliferation and cell growth. PDGFR receptors are present on the surface of normal cells, however, it has been shown that mutations of the PDGFR genes that lead to their high expression lead to uncontrolled cell growth and consequently cause cancer (i.e., by increasing PDGF signaling).
