The first and most important point is that the Civil War was expensive. In 1860 the U.S. national debt was $65 million. To put that in perspective, the national debt in 1789, the year George Washington took office, was $77 million. In other words, from 1789 to 1860, the United States spanned the continent, fought two major wars, and began its industrial growth—all the while reducing its national debt.We had limited government, few federal expenses, and low taxes. In 1860, on the eve of war, almost all federal revenue derived from the tariff. We had no income tax, no estate tax, and no excise taxes. Even the hated whiskey tax was gone. We had seemingly fulfilled Thomas Jefferson’s vision: “What farmer, what mechanic, what laborer ever sees a tax-gatherer of the United States?”Four years of civil war changed all that forever. In 1865 the national debt stood at $2.7 billion. Just the annual interest on that debt was more than twice our entire national budget in 1860. In fact, that Civil War debt is almost twice what the federal government spent before 1860.What’s worse, Jefferson’s vision had become a nightmare. The United States had a progressive income tax, an estate tax, and excise taxes as well. The revenue department had greatly expanded, and tax-gatherers were a big part of the federal bureaucracy.
Furthermore, our currency was tainted. The Union government had issued more than $430 million in paper money (greenbacks) and demanded it be legal tender for all debts. No gold backed the notes.The military side of the Civil War ended when Generals Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee shook hands at Appomattox Court House. But the economic side of the war endured for generations. The change is seen in the annual budgets before and after the war. The 1860 federal budget was $63 million, but after the war, annual budgets regularly exceeded $300 million. Why the sharp increase?
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She advocated for the mentally ill after seeing the terrible conditions the patients endured.
Can you repost with the pictures?
The Yellow Emperor is a complicated man - and an even more complicated political character. His military expansion of what is modern day China is just as complex. An advantage would be that the fractured fiefdoms of China and the surrounding areas are - for the most part - brought under central control and command. This is an amazing new found source of revenue for the emperor's emerging empire. Rebellions are mostly repressed by the emperor's military presence in their newly occupied provinces. However, It is in fact the repression caused by the emperor's forces that remind the newly conquered of their defeat, thus creating a barrier between the new government and its subjects. Another disadvantage is the cost, economically and in blood, of the emperor's wars. Much strife is to be found whenever an army is mobilized and enforced to subdue an region. There is no clear cut way to measure if the Yellow emperor's kingdom is either beneficial or disadvantageous to the Chinese people overall - no blacks, no whites: all shades of grey (fifty to be exact XD)
