The early immune response to HIV-1 infection is likely to be an important factor in determining the clinical course of disease. Recent data indicate that the HIV-1 quasispecies that arise following a mucosal infection are usually derived from a single transmitted virus. Moreover, the finding that the first effective immune responses drive the selection of virus escape mutations provides insight into the earliest immune responses against the transmitted virus and their contributions to the control of acute viraemia. Strong innate and adaptive immune responses occur subsequently but they are too late to eliminate the infection. In this Review, we discuss recent studies on the kinetics and quality of early immune responses to HIV-1 and their implications for developing a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine.
Answer:
Oxygen helps the body's cells function normally. The cycle of carbon dioxide and oxygen on Earth is dependent on plants and animals. Plants provide the oxygen that animals and other living things need to survive. Animals and other living things provide the carbon dioxide that plants need to make their own food.
Explanation:
The correct option is C.
Economics as a course is divided into two major sub specialties, which are micro and macro economics. Micro economics has to do with the study of individual, households and businesses behaviors in decision making and uses of scarce resources. Macro economics on the other hand has to do with the study of how the whole economy behaves. Thus, macro economics is the study of how a nation's economy work and this usually involves the national government.
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