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2. A subduction trench forms where the subducting plate bends downward into the mantle
1. An accretionary prism begins to form
4. Magma, created by flux melting of the mantle, rises through the overriding plate
3. Lava erupts onto the surface, forming volvanes
Volcanoes on the ocean floor erupt to create oceanic islands, often referred to as volcanic islands. Oceanic islands are also called as "high islands," regardless of their height. Low islands are continental and coral islands, which can be hundreds of metres taller than high islands. Even though they are encircled by water, continents are not categorised as islands because of their size. The smallest continent, Australia, is more than three times larger than the largest island, Greenland. In every ocean, lake, and river in the world, there are innumerable islands.
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This process is known as thermohaline circulation. In the Earth's polar regions ocean water gets very cold, forming sea ice. As a consequence the surrounding seawater gets saltier, because when sea ice forms, the salt is left behind. As the seawater gets saltier, its density increases, and it starts to sink.
