In the past, both Austria and Hungary had monarchs. So the answer would likely be "ruler".
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Both had a very very bad impact on the environment surounding them
Answer:
The division between Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims
Explanation:
The fundamental division in the Islamic world was "the division between Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims."
This is evident in the fact that the division between the two groups started as far back as the 14th century in which there was a struggle over who to succeed the Prophet Muhammad.
According to some credible statistics, the 85% of Mislims are Sunnis while the the remaining 15% are Shiite.
The famous ring of volcanoes is located in the Pacific Ocean