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Montesquieu
Montesquieu called the idea of dividing government power into three branches the “separation of powers.” He thought it most important to create separate branches of government with equal but different powers.
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In the early sixteenth century, Iran was united under the rule of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1722), the greatest dynasty to emerge from Iran in the Islamic period. The Safavids descended from a long line of Sufi shaikhs who maintained their headquarters at Ardabil, in northwestern Iran. In their rise to power, they were supported by Turkmen tribesmen known as the Qizilbash, or red heads, on account of their distinctive red caps. By 1501, Isma‘il Safavi and his Qizilbash warriors wrested control of Azerbaijan from the Aq Quyunlu, and in the same year Isma‘il was crowned in Tabriz as the first Safavid shah (r. 1501–24). Upon his accession, Shi‘a Islam became the official religion of the new Safavid state, which as yet consisted only of Azerbaijan. But within ten years, all of Iran was brought under Safavid dominion. However, throughout the sixteenth century, two powerful neighbors, the Shaibanids to the east and the Ottomans to the west (both orthodox Sunni states), threatened the Safavid empire.
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Transforming the judicial system.
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The Turkish Sultan Suleiman The Magnificent (reigned 1520-1566) stood at the helm of the Ottoman Empire at the zenith of its power. He conquered Balkan lands in Europe, much of the Middle East and North Africa. The Ottoman navy dominated the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. He is also known for promoting major changes in taxation, education, criminal law and social issues. Together with his officials, he managed to conciliate the two sources of Ottoman law, the civil law or Sultanic law, and the Sharia, or Islamic law.
<span>An ideal national security policy might balance the need for good relations with other countries against the need to take punitive or pre-emptive actions when necessary. This may prove difficult to achieve in reality because people of different nations may disagree on which policies are appropriate.</span>
The most accomplished Confederate General (South) was General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
General Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Army during the later years of the war and later ran for office, becoming the President of The United States.
