<span>Cytotoxic t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat intracellular pathogens, whereas helper t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat extracellular pathogens.
</span>Cytotoxic t-cell are CD8+ cells. Cytotoxic t-cell uses granzymes to <span>kill </span><span>intracellular bacteria, that lives in the cytosol such as viruses. They identify the pathogen forgein peptids that are bounded to MHC-I on the cell surface.
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cd4+ T helper (Th) cells include Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. They contribute to aliergic reactions and fighting extracellular parasites.
Answer:
2a and -5a
8 and -4
hahahah they are separate from each other
2a and -5a simplifies to -3a
8 and -4 simplifies to 4
Explanation:
hope this helps!
DNA is copied during mitosis and when the two resulting copies of DNA are compared they are found to contain the same order of nucleotides is not the result of mutation in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Explanation:
Mutation is the process
It is caused by certain chemicals called mutagens or by environmental factors.
In mutation the nucleotide get change which eventually changes the protein product.
In mutation purine base gets mutated to purine base and pyrimidine base gets mutated to pyrimidine only.
A single change in nucleotide is called point mutation and the effect occurring because of it is called frame shift mutations.
In S phase there are checkpoints which ensure that DNA replication is accurate and when mitosis follows it equal distribution of DNA takes place between the two daughter cells hence no mutation will takes place.
Answer:
A). The model does not predict energy flow.
Explanation:
As per the given details, the most probable constraint of using 'numerical computer-built models' would be their 'inability to forecast the energy that is flowing throughout the ecosystem.' However, they assist in offering collected information at the same time yet <u>its failure to predict the actual amount of energy flowing that will lead to a failure to predict if the ecological balance is being maintained or not</u>. As a result, some organisms may be deprived of the appropriate food to ensure their survival and their existence on this planet might be under threat. Thus, this is the limitation of using such-technology based models and hence, <u>option A</u> is the correct answer.
