Answer:
France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate.
. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI
6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
Answer:
well they were called the river civilization do to the fact that there were rivers that gave them fresh water. they were also called the river civilizations because rivers help to create good farmland so because there were by the water they had better crops and back then the better the crop the more you would get when you trade so they were called the river civilization do to the fact that they used the revisers near by as there way of life
Explanation:
sorry if im late and tell me if im wrong also i did not know if you needed more then one paragraph so i did one
Answer:
Racism, slavery and segregation.
Explanation:
African Americans were enslaved and were seen as less because of the color of their skin which is horrible. They were also segregated, which means that they were seperated from white people because white people thought they were better only because of their skin color (which is wrong).
It affected it by the science and arts and mathmatics had become flourished
