Answer:
Reference Group Effect
Explanation:
The idea of the reference group effect to be based on the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales, rather than relying on direct inferences about a private, personal value system
was revealed by Peng, K., Nisbett, R. E., Wong, N. Y. C. (1997) in their article "Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions. Psychological Methods, 2(4), 329-344"
The Reference-group effects are found to occur when there are reponses to self-report issues which are not related to the respondents' absolute level of construct. It is usually on their level that is relative to a salient comparison group.
The Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) would be considered a failure because it fails to protect the rights of newly freed slaves. Even though the 13th (which gets rid of slavery), 14th amendment (states that people born in the US are automatically citizens), and 15th amendment (government can not stop a person from voting based on race) are passed in hopes of helping these citizens, southern states find ways to ensure that African-Americans do not have the rights promised to them by the federal government.
A perfect example of this would be the creation of the Ku Klux Klan. This organization of white supremacist use terror and physical violence to prevent African-Americans from voting. Law enforcement officials in the south often let this group cause physical harm to African-Americans without punishing them. Another example of this would be the creation of literacy tests and poll taxes. These obstacles made it more difficult for African-Americans to vote in elections. As you can see, the Reconstruction era truly failed to protect and help African-Americans.
Answer:
This practice is called subtyping.
Explanation:
Society generally classifies people into different groups according to their beliefs, race, class, gender, among other classifications; this is known as social stereotypes.
Social stereotypes make people forget the individual characteristics of a person and categorize them according to the social structure they know; this causes the person not to be seen for their personal qualities but as part of a group.
Although sometimes there is a phenomenon known as a subtype, where people see an individual and think that he or she does not fit the stereotype and consider it an exception to the social stereotype.
<em>For example, </em>
Stereotype: Mexicans like spicy food.
Subtype: Marcos is Mexican and does not like spicy food; he is the exception because all Mexicans like spicy food.
<em>I hope this information can help you.</em>
Organizations formed by political machines