It’s intended for the audience
The answer is the first one.
In "Writers often disavow the notion of a 'literary duty'" the author conveys a somewhat condescending attitude, as if they would always follow this and set aside anyone who said otherwise. This attitude says the author is looking down on them, and that the author believes that many authors do not meet their standards.
Another answer I would consider is "...writers ruined by their shrill commitments." However, there is no context or clear tone. The author could be mournful of the lost potential for all we know.
Answer:
Paraphrase.
Explanation:
In this scenario, Geoffrey has come across an article that provides some interesting insights into the works of Samuel Clemens. One of these paragraphs would apply to his current English literature course but is very long. Geoffrey decides to paraphrase the main ideas of the paragraph by putting them into his own words and crediting the original author.
Paraphrasing can be defined as an act of rephrasing the words contained in a text without changing or altering the meaning of the text.
This ultimately implies that, Geoffrey decided to restate the main ideas of the paragraph by putting them into his own words so as to clarify its meaning.
I stand proud like a bamboo tree,
Gusts of winds make my leaves sway,
Storms also come my way,
But I still stand like a bamboo tree.
People throw at me insults,
But they are just merely cults,
I am not easily worn down, my friend,
Like a bamboo tree I survived, till the end.
Answer:
The best leaders are those most interested in surrounding themselves with assistants and associates smarter than they are. They are frank in admitting this and are willing to pay for such talents.” -Antos Parrish
Keep your fears to yourself, but share your courage with others. —Robert Louis Stevenson
I can’t change the direction of the wind, but I can adjust my sails to always reach my destination. —Jimmy Dean
If you really want the key to success, start by doing the opposite of what everyone else is doing. —Brad Szollose
Victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan
Leaders must be close enough to relate to others, but far enough ahead to motivate them. —John C. Maxwell
A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new. —Albert Einstein
Pretend that every single person you meet has a sign around his or her neck that says, ‘Make me feel important.’ Not only will you succeed in sales, you will succeed in life.” -Mary Kay Ash
