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While the rest of the world's economy grew at an annual rate of close to 2 percent from 1960 to 2002, growth performance in Africa has been dismal. From 1974 through the mid-1990s, growth was negative, reaching negative 1.5 percent in 1990-4. As a consequence, hundreds of millions of African citizens have become poor: one half of the African continent lives below the poverty line. In sub-Saharan Africa, per capita GDP is now less than it was in 1974, having declined over 11 percent. In 1970, one in ten poor citizens in the world lived in Africa; by 2000, the number was closer to one in two. That trend translates into 360 million poor Africans in 2000, compared to 140 million in 1975.
In The Economic Tragedy of the XXth Century: Growth in Africa (NBER Working Paper No. 9865), authors Elsa Artadi and Xavier Sala-i-Martin review both the deteriorating economic status of the African continent and the ways in which rich nations, as well as the African nations themselves, might help the poor nations of the continent.
Using the robust econometric determinants of economic growth in a cross-section of countries, the authors pinpoint the most important factors behind the tragedy. The first culprit has been the lack of investment. Over the past 40 years the investment rate in Africa has fallen. Since 1975 the investment rate has declined to 8.5 percent for the whole continent, compared to investment rates for the average-performing OECD economy of between 20 and 25 percent, and for East-Asian economies of 30 percent. Furthermore, most of the investment was skewed in the direction of the inefficient public sector. Recent reforms in Africa have raised the investment rate, but only slightly.Explanation:
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D) The work of missionaries, like Saint Paul.
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Christians were persecuted and murdered because of their faith before the coronation of Constantine as Roman Emperor. He made toleration of Christianity an official policy of the empire and after his death, the Christian faith became the official imperial religion. Before Constantine, the truths of Christ were spread by Jesus´Apostles first, then by missionaries, who managed to multiply the number of followers of the new religion.
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Los zoológicos humanos, también llamados exposiciones etnológicas, eran exposiciones públicas de humanos de los siglos XIX y XX, generalmente en un estado "natural" o "primitivo" erróneamente etiquetado. Los zoológicos humanos de un solo hombre también existieron ya en el siglo XVII en Londres. Las exhibiciones a menudo enfatizaban las diferencias culturales entre los europeos de la civilización occidental y los pueblos no europeos o con otros europeos que practicaban un estilo de vida considerado más primitivo. Algunos de ellos ubicaron a las poblaciones indígenas en un continuo entre los grandes simios y los europeos.
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