A command economy is where a central government makes all economic decisions. The government or a collective owns the land and the means of production. It doesn't rely on the laws of supply and demand that operate in a market economy. A command economy also ignores the customs that guide a traditional economy. In recent years, many centrally-planned economies began adding aspects of the market economy. The resultant mixed economy better achieves their goals.
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Answer: a. testing effect
Explanation:
Testing effect is a type of threat to internal validity of an experiment. Internal validity is assessing whether a factor makes a difference in an experiment or not and if it does, whether there is adequate evidence to support this correlation.
Testing as a threat to internal validity is when a second test is taken on the outcome of a first test. Other internal validity threats are history, maturation, instrument modifications.
