Answer:
B. attacking the mitochondria, inhibiting the production of sugars that give the cell energy
Explanation:
Antibiotics can't attack on the mitochondria of the cell because mitochondria provides energy to the cell. Mitochondria is also known as power house of the cell means that it provides energy to the cell in order to continue its activities. If antibiotic attack on mitochondria of the cell, the cell has no energy for performing its activities that leads to cell death so that's why we can say that antibiotic can't attack on the mitochondria of the cell.
The awnser to ur question is epidermis
<span>After a long time, a mature community is established and this community does not change unless it is disturbed.</span>
Answer:
Protein A can be a cytoplasmic and protein B can be a membrane protein.
Explanation:
The polar amino acid will have the hydrophilic side chain so they provide the hydrophilic nature to protein and thats why usually found on outer surface of water souluble proteins.
Cytoplasm is 80% water, so these proteins usually found in cytoplasm.
The non-polar amino acid will have the hydrophobic side chain and thus provide hydrophobic nature to protein and usually found in interior portion of membrane protein.
Plasma membrane is made up of hydrophobic lipids bilayer, so these proteins are usually found in plasma membrane.
The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis is to stop the cilia of epithelial cells from beating.
<em>Bordetella pertussis</em> is a pathogenic, gram-negative bacteria. It is the causative agent of highly communicable respiratory disease known as pertussis or whooping cough.
The mechanism of action of Bordetella pertussis:
- This bacterium colonizes the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory airways of the host.
- A surface protein on the bacteria called filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin binds to sulfatides on the cilia of epithelial cells. When the bacterium is anchored, it releases tracheal cytotoxin, which prevents the cilia from beating.
- As a result, the cilia in an organism's lungs are unable to sweep out foreign material, and the body reacts by causing the host to cough. When people cough, bacteria are released into the air, where they might spread to other hosts.
- Another toxin called the pertussis toxin, often known as PTx, prevents adenylate cyclase from using ATP to convert to cyclic AMP. This results in over-conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which may interfere with cellular signaling systems. As a result, phagocytes are unable to respond to an infection effectively.
Know more about <em>Bordetella pertussis</em> here:
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