Pituitary dwarfism is caused by problems arising from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, is a gland at the base of the brain that produces many different hormones. This gland is divided into the anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves. The anterior pituitary produces six hormones: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin (corticotropin), thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, and lutenizing hormone. The posterior pituitary gland only produces two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin.
The growth process begins in the lower part of the forebrain in a small organ called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases hormones that regulate the production of other hormones. When the hypothalamus releases growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the anterior pituitary is stimulated to release growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone then acts on the liver and other tissues and stimulates them to secrete insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 directly promotes the development of bone and muscle, causing bones to grow in length, and muscles to increase protein synthesis (make more protein).
Since growth is a complex phenomenon, it may be slowed down or stopped by abnormalities arising at any point in the process. Thus, dwarfism can result if there is a deficiency in any of these hormones, if there is a failure in the receptor cells receiving the hormonal stimuli, or if the target cells are unable to respond.
At its most basic, pituitary dwarfism results from decreased production of hormones by the anterior pituitary. When none of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are adequately produced, this is called panhypopituitarism. A common form of pituitary dwarfism is due to deficiencies in the production of growth hormone (GH). When less GH than normal is produced during childhood, an individual's arms, legs, and other structures continue to develop in normal proportions, but at a decreased rate.
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Answer:
Stablising
Explanation:
Bcoz they acquiring mean character
Answer:
Part 1:
The mother’s genotype is ii, rr, MN
The father’s genotype is IAIA/IAi, Rr, MM
Part 2:
Approximately 1/32 (3.125%) of children can be expected to have the stated blood types.
Explanation:
Part 1:
The mother has blood types 0, Rh- and MN. Therefore, her genotype has to be ii, rr, MN.
The father has ABO type A. His ABO genotype may therefore be either IAIA or IAi, as both are compatible with type A offspring with a type 0 mother. His Rh genotype must be rr, since his Rh- child necessarily has to have inherited one r allele from each parent. Finally, his MN genotype has to be MM since both alleles are codominant.
Part 2:
Using the given data, we build the following Punnett chart:
IA R N IA r N i R N i r N
IA R M
IA R N
IA r M
IA r N
IB R M
IB R N
IB r M X
IB r N
Note that, of all 32 possible combinations, only a single one of them (marked with “X” produces a genotype which matches the desired blood type, as follows:
genotype: IBi, rr, MN
blood type: B, Rh-, MN
D because they are complete systems
Answer:
False humans can be classically conditioned.
Although humans learning something wouldn't general be considered classical conditioning but rather Cognition. That doesn’t mean they can’t “learn” via classical conditioning.
