Ostracism was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years.
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Definition of biological determinism:
Biological determinism refers to the idea that all human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes. This theory stands in contrast to the notion that human behavior is determined by culture or other social forces.
The development of the knowledge of the priests as one who was uniquely empowered and ordained by God to offer sacrifices for the people on the analogy of the Old testament priesthood increasingly tended to demoted the role of laity in Christian worship and ministry. These tendencies were strengthened by the development of the doctrine of transubstantiation beginning in the ninth century and concluding in its official promulgation at the fourth Lateran council in 1215. The fourth Lateran council promoted the doctrine of transubstantiation which raised to that moment in the alteration of substance by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist during the course of the mass become in reality the body and blood of Jesus Christ.
The original split in Islam and the one that has the biggest impact on the community today is the Shia-Sunni division, which is based on the difference on who should be the successor of Muhammad: only Ali (Shia) or Abu Bakr (Sunni)
The United States sent Matthew Perry and seven warships to Japan to sign the Convention of Kanagawa, the treaty allowing trade between the United States and Japan.
