Turbidity. As your book/question states it is a measurement of cloudiness in water.
When signing the declaration of independence, colonists' had motivations for seeking independence. funny coincidence lol. hope this helped :)
He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he accidentally stumbled upon the Americas.
Reformers believed that if you could you should help and reformers would be the men of good will so the answer would be Reformers.
The argument he used was that because he had lived in a territory where slavery was illegal, he could never again be enslaved. This was a doctrine that was recognized in common law for centuries in Europe.