Intertextuality is the influence that a literary text has upon other literary texts. Nearly every literary work relies on what was written before, and draws parallels, whether in structural or some other sense (such as topics, characters, messages, etc.). Generally, it means that all the literature is a giant web of references, influences, shared themes and values, and that nobody can learn to be original without having dealt with thousands of other authors' works.
For example, Vergil's Aeneid was heavily influenced by Homer's Iliad. In a way, it is a sequel of some of the occurrences from the Iliad - although it is artistically independent and has an immense value in its own right. We even meet some of the Iliad's heroes there - such as Achilles, who is now in the Underworld, long dead and regretting that he didn't live longer. We cannot get the whole picture about Achilles from Aeneid (nor understand the context of his suffering) if we didn't read the Iliad first and see him there, in his full glory.
The second example would be Dante's Inferno. Although it was written in the 14th century, it deals and debates with nearly every literary work from antiquity. There are many heroes from Iliad and Odyssey (including Odysseus himself) - and there is Virgil, the Aeneid's poet, who is Dante's tutor and protector on his way through the underworld. Dante refers to Aeneas as a man who has been to the underworld.
The third example would be Joyce's 20th-century novel Ulysses. It is a giant monument to intertextuality, as it depicts a one-day journey of Leopold Bloom, which corresponds to Odysseus' wandering on his way home to Ithaca. Just like Odysseus has his Penelope, Leopold has his Molly Bloom. The novel is structured in episodes which all resemble corresponding occurrences in Odyssey. Of course, one can read Ulysses without being familiar with the Odyssey; but a great layer of meaning and significance would be lost.
Personally, I would choose this topic:Speech related to violence: You might want to write about limitations on freedom of speech related to violence. Speech that incites violence is not covered by the First Amendment and can result in prosecution in the United States. However, speech that merely supports violence as a political option is not considered a crime.
Part A: As this topic is something that is more of a national issue than one within one single school, I would address the letter to a member of congress. Addressing it to anyone else would do little to actually address the issue.
Part B:
Stance: While freedom of speech allows one to express their opinions publicly, those who engage in speech promoting violence, or hate speech, negatively impact society as a whole as well as on an individual level. As such, speech promoting violence should not be considered under the First Amendment, and those individuals who choose to engage in it should be persecuted.
A framed narrative happens when the author uses a story and its characters to tell you another story (a story within a story... a storynception). Here, we can observe a character doing a grand opening, and he starts to introduce a character when he says "<span><em>I want to tell you of a marquis, whose actions, even though things turned out well for him in the end, were remarkable not so much for their munificence as for their senseless brutality."
</em>Therefore, you best answer is option B.<em>
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