Answer:
(European) goldsmiths
Explanation:
European goldsmiths (Italian goldsmiths were the first) formulated a principle that only 5% of deposits were needed in reserve at any particular time, therefore they could lend 95% of the gold they held in deposit. 
Goldsmiths would rent space in their vaults that allowed other people to keep their gold in a safe place. That led to transactions were notes indicating the amount of gold deposited would be traded instead of trading gold itself. 
Eventually goldsmiths discovered that they could trade (lend) more money than the amount of gold they held in deposits, inventing fractional reserve banking.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
C) $50,000,000
Explanation:
The aggregate rent is the surplus earned by the lawyers for operating over their cost at this market equilibrium.
In the picture attached, the rent is showed graphically.
At PL=$250 per hour, the amount of demanded hours is QL=1,000,000.
The oportunity cost at a zero hours level is PL(0)=$150.
The rent can be calculated as:

The aggregate rent is $50,000,000.
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
<span>c. actual usage of material exceeds the standard material allowed for output.</span>
        
             
        
        
        
<u>An open market operation is the purchase or sale of </u><u>government securities </u><u>by the </u><u>Federal Reserve System</u><u>  in the open market.</u>
What are open market operations?
- The Federal Reserve uses open marketplace operations (OMOs), that are important banks' purchases and income of securities at the open marketplace, as a key device for wearing out financial policy.
- The Federal Open Market Committee establishes the short-time period intention for open marketplace operations (FOMC).
What is an open marketplace purchase?
- The buying or promoting of stocks in a agency through insiders is called an open-marketplace transaction.
- An insider should report the important office work with the SEC earlier than carrying out an open-marketplace transaction which will follow insider buying and selling regulations.
Learn more about  open market operations
brainly.com/question/16260032
#SPJ4