Answer:
ATP is used for many cell functions including <u><em>moving substances across cell membranes</em></u>, <u><em>supplying the energy needed for muscle contraction</em></u>, <u><em>supplying the needed energy to synthesize the multi-thousands of types of macromolecules</em></u> that the cell needs to exist. It supplies energy not only to heart muscle (for blood circulation) and skeletal muscle (such as for gross body movement), but also to the chromosomes and flagella to enable them to carry out their many functions. ATP is <em><u>also used as an on-off switch both to control chemical reactions and to send messages.</u></em>
The answer is the apoplast, the symplast, and the transmembrane pathway.
1. The apoplast pathway occurs through cell walls and space between cells. So, water does not cross any cell membrane as it travels this pathway.
2. The symplast pathway occurs through the continuum of cytoplasm. So, water travels through plasmodesmata which connect cells.
3. The transmembrane pathway occurs across cell membranes. So, water enters the cell on one side of the membrane and exits on the other.
<h2>Competitive exclusion </h2>
Explanation:
Competitive exclusion principle states that if two species compete for same resources then they cannot coexist together that is why Chthamalus is excluded by zones from Semibalanus balanoides
Zonation of barnacles is influenced by competition
Chthamalus not only occupy the mid-shore but survive and grow better than in its normal high-shore zone
Chthamalus is more tolerant of physical stresses than Semibalanus, and can therefore survive in the high-shore, where it has a ‘spatial refuge’ beyond the limits of Semibalanus
In the mid-shore, however, Semibalanus thrives and competitively excludes Chthamalus by undercutting or overgrowing it
Because it is tilted toward the sun and receives the most direct sunlight