Answer:
Genetic engineering has its grass roots from the recombinant technology.
Explanation:
Genetic engineering is seen to have started from a scientists activity which involved restriction enzymes and DNA ligases that were used by Paul Berg in 1972 to create the first recombinant DNA molecules. A monkey virus which is SV40 was combined with a lambda one. Following that, the results of the experiment and attempts were further investigated by other scientists and later, the first plant that underwent genetic engineering was the plant tobacco.
uranium lasts roughly 6 -7 years
Answer:
The correct answer is: b. Budding of the secretory granule.
Explanation:
- In eukaryotic cells, the pathway by which secretory proteins are produced and are secreted can be explained below:
- The gene {DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) sequence}, located on the genome, encoding the secretory protein is transcribed into an mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic Acid) by the RNA polymerase. This process happens in the Nucleus.
- The mature mRNA is translocated from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
- In the cytoplasm it associates with the ribosome but translation process does not begin now.
- This is because, as the mRNA sequence has the tag of forming a secretory protein, it can be translated only when the ribosome bound mRNA sequence attaches itself to the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum).
- On attachment to the ER, the process of translation begins and the polypeptide formed is released into the lumen of the ER.
- The process of glycosylation starts in the ER.
- The glycosylated protein is then transported from the ER in membrane bound vesicles to the cis, medial and trans Golgi, where the process of glycosylation gets completed and the protein gets completely folded.
- After this, secretory vesicles buds off from the Golgi and migrate towards the plasma membrane.
- At the plasma membrane, the secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and releases the protein out of the cell by the process of Exocytosis.
- In the given question completely folded glycosylated protein is formed but it is not secreted. This means the protein is able to reach to the Golgi bodies. But secretory vesicle formation does not take place.
- Hence the Substance X might inhibit the formation or budding of Secretory Vesicles.
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, 10 HYDROGEN IONS are pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
<h3>
What is Oxidative phosphorylation ?</h3>
During oxidative phosphorylation, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) helps to carry electrons from one reaction to another across a series of molecular complexes.
- The electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation is coupled to the generation of an electrochemical proton (H+) gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
- Subsequently, this proton H+ gradient is then used to produce ATP by an ATP synthetase.
Learn more about Oxidative phosphorylation here:
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Environmental contaminants make their way into lakes, rivers, and groundwater and many other places. Animals drink that water. Our crops absorb that water that seeps into the soil, those crops are consumed by animals and humans. Therefore those animals are contaminated with whatever contaminant they consumed. In return those animals are ingested by the predator that consumes it therefore passing through the food chain.
