"Sumerian city-states fought each other" would be the best option from the list, since this internal division led to a collapse of power that left people without protection or a solid economy.
The colonies of New York and New Jersey were originally founded by the
Dutch and were in an area that they called "New Netherland". Before
that, the area was populated with native peoples.
As the birthplace of Muhammad and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran(specifically, a cave 3 km (2 mi) from Mecca),Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religionof Islamand a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajjis obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities. It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, home to structures such as the Abraj Al Bait, also known as the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, the world's fourth tallest building and the building with the third largest amount of floor area. During this expansion, Mecca has lost some historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress.
Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj.As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the Muslim world,
even though non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city.
Answer:
The main historical circumstance that has led to the infodemic related to current pandemic is that information technology, the internet, and social media, have spread so fast to a majority of the world population, that all kinds of information, from scientifically-backed claims, to pseudoscience or bogus claims, can reach a worldwide audience in very brief periods of time.
Because a large number of people do not have enough critical thinking skills, or only interact online with people that hold the same views that they do, misinformation can spread easily, and lead to the creation of conspiracy theories with millions of followers.
