<span>The immune system is the body's natural defense mechanism against organisms that can cause infection.There are three types of mechanisms:
1. Cellular :</span><span> refers to the recognition and/or killing of virus and virus-infected cells by leukocytes and the production of different soluble factors (cytokines) by these cells when stimulated by virus or virus-infected cells
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2. Structural: </span>barriers and the immune system defend the body<span> against organisms that can cause infection. </span>Natural<span> barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach acid.
3. Chemical: </span><span>Some of these include the low pH of the stomach, which inhibits the growth of pathogens; blood proteins that bind and disrupt bacterial cell membranes; and the process of urination, which flushes pathogens from the urinary tract.
</span><span>antibodies - chemical
tissues lining hollow organs - cellular
phagocytes - cellular
skin - structural
antigen - chemical
leukocytes - cellular</span>
Glycolysis evolved very early in ancestors that are common to all the domains of life.
This is because the site of glycolysis is cytoplasm which is present in both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.
As prokaryotes are the early ancestors of all domains of life therefore it is also considered that glycolysis is evolved very early.
I would say that the fishes exhibited the greatest diversity (though the brachiopods also had considerable diversity) and mostly were of the ostracoderms (with a platey or shell-like skin and no jawbone) which exhibited many varieties and also the placoderm which had gills, a jawbone and fins so was developing characteristics of modern fish.
Answer:
Index fossils
Explanation:
The index fossils are the fossils that come in very handy for the geologists when it comes to identifying or dating rock samples or other fossils. The reason for this is that the index fossils have already been dated. They are fossils that are very commonly found, wide dispersed, are easy to be identified, and are limited to only a certain geological period. These characteristics make them an excellent indicator for the dating of the rock layers in which they are found, or the fossils found in the same layers with them, without conducting further examinations.
