Recombinant DNA (rDNA) = Vector DNA + Passenger DNA
In genetic engineering, a foreign gene is inserted into an organism's genome to alter its phenotype or to get useful products beneficial to humans.
STEP 1
In order to get the DNA, which is enclosed within the cell membranes, we have to break open the cell to release the DNA. For this, enzymes are used such as lysozyme (for bacteria), chitinase (for fungus) and cellulase (for plant cells).
This results in the release of DNA along with the other macromolecules like RNA, proteins (histones).
Now, in order to purify and separate the DNA, ribonuclease and protease are added to digest the RNA and Proteins to separate the DNA.
Next, the separated DNA is precipitated in the suspension by adding chilled ethanol and then it is separated out by spooling or winding over a fine appliance.
STEP 2
Now we have obtained the DNA. Next step is to cut the DNA by using the Restriction enzyme to get the desirable genes. The same restriction enzyme is used for both the vector DNA and the passenger DNA to produce the complementary cut parts (sticky ends). The cut out DNA fragments can be amplified to billions of times by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Agarose Gel Electrophoresis is done to separate the DNA fragments.
Vector DNA is ligated with Passenger DNA by the enzyme ligase to form the rDNA.
STEP 3
Now this rDNA is inserted into the bacterial cells by gene gun or bolistic gun, or by making them competent to take up the rDNA by treating them with divalent cations.
STEP 4
Bacterials cells are cultured in large containers called BioReactors where large amount of culture (100-1000 litres) can be processed at the same time.
STEP 5
Finally the product is obtained, purified and separated called Downstreaming Process.
The product is also formulated with the preservatives before marketing.
Example:- In 1983, Eli Lilly, an American Company produced the Genetically Engineered Insulin called 'Humulin'
The answer is A.
The proposal is completely ridiculous and in no way "modest", hence the irony.
The solution that Swift proposes for the problem he describes in "A Modest Proposal" is:
B. the sale of young children for food.
<h3>About "A Modest Proposal" </h3>
- "A Modest Proposal" is known to be satiric essay written by Jonathan Swift.
- The essay was published in a pamphlet form in 1729.
- The essay actually proposes that if the country must alleviate poverty in Ireland, that children should be butchered and sold for food.
- Swift proposed that child-eating was the solution to famine.
Thus, option B is the correct answer.
Learn more about "A Modest Proposal" on brainly.com/question/5217317
Doodle was expected to die from the beginning, however, he overcame everybody’s doubts and lives obstacles. He left past three months to when “ mama and daddy decided they might as well name him.” Doodle survived his brother’s plans to kill him with doodle smiled at him. He was able to move despite being told he would die because “ with his weak heart the strain would probably kill him”. Doodle even learn to walk with the help of his brother. All these accomplishments were what gave doodle a fulfilling life. He may have died at the age of six, but that is six years more than anyone else expected. It was not doodle story that was sad, but only the ending.
Answer: The main idea is the point of the paragraph. It is the most important thought about the topic. To figure out the main idea, ask yourself this question: What is being said about the person, thing, or idea (the topic)? The author can locate the main idea in different places within a paragraph. The main idea is usually a sentence, and it is usually the first sentence. The writer then uses the rest of the paragraph to support the main idea.
