The Scramble for Africa refers to the period between roughly 1884 and 1914, when the European colonisers partitioned the – up to that point – largely unexplored African continent into protectorates, colonies and ‘free-trade areas’. At the time the colonisers had limited knowledge of local conditions and their primary consideration was to avoid conflict among themselves for African soil. Since no one could foresee the short-lived colonial era, the border design – which endured the wave of independence in the 1960s – had sizable long-lasting economic and political consequences. The Scramble for Africa resulted in several large countries characterised by highly heterogeneous geography and ethnically fragmented populations that limit the ability of governments to broadcast power and build state capacity.
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Some of the torture methods that interrogators used to get prisoners to admit to crimes were having prisoners skulls squeezed within iron rings, exposing their naked bodies to be bitten by ants and other different bugs and being stopped from sleeping for a week.
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The gulag was a Russian government agency created by Vladimir Lenin, the agency was in charge of the soviet forced labor camp system. The camp contained an extremely large number of convicts.
Susan B. Anthony was a social reformer and women's rights activist who devoted her time to the women's suffrage movement.
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The Rise of the Merchant Class In contrast, Northern and Central Italy had become far more prosperous, and it has been calculated that the region was among the richest in Europe. ... This change also gave the merchants almost complete control of the governments of the Italian city-states, again enhancing trade.
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