Absolutism is a form of government where one person or small group of people have unlimited power. The term "czar" means "caesar" ("king"), and therefore can be considered a type of absolute ruler. Ivan the Great of Russia (r.1462-1505) took the title of "czar" after marrying the niece of the last Byzantine empire. After the fall of Constantinople (and thus, the Byzantine Empire), Moscow became the most powerful city in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Thus, the "czar" of Russia would from then on claim to be the inheritor of the Byzantine emperor and protector of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Two rulers of Russia stand out as being "absolute rulers": Peter the Great (r.1682-1725) and Catherine the Great (r.1762-1796). Peter wanted to make Russia into a modern nation, and forced Russians to adopt European culture. To do this, Peter created a new class of nobles that were given land in exchange for their loyalty to the government. Nobles were given total control over their peasants, who saw their freedom decrease during Peter's rule. To reform the government, Peter created a centralized bureaucracy of non-elected advisers and local governments were placed under the direct control of the czar. Peter also brought the Orthodox Church under his authority and created a council of bishops appointed by him. While many of Peter's policies improved the Russian economy, he divided the Russian people. (See image: Courtesy of saint-petersburg.com)
Catherine the Great began her rule by seizing power from her own husband! Catherine greatly admired Peter I and continued to expand and modernize Russia. Many people consider Catherine's reign a golden age of Russia because she supported the arts, education, and culture. Despite being influenced by the European enlightenment, Catherine feared chaos and peasant uprisings were brutally crushed by her army. She allowed nobles to treat their serfs (peasants) however they wished. More peasants than ever were forced into serfdom than ever before, and their position worsened.
Answer:
D. priests
Explanation:
Priests refers to the religious figures who serve as advisers to monarchs.
A priest refers to an individual among others who is chosen as a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion. They are intermediaries between man and deities or God in some cases.
The name of their office is referred to as the priesthood.
Priests perform the function of advisers to monarchs in the society. They are also responsible for making sacrifices in order to appease a deity.
Priests can be found in both the traditional religion and the modern religion such as Christianity.
Answer:
Land artillery
Mines
Explanation:
The Ottomans laid siege of Rhodes in 1522 and the attack was personally by the Sultan Suleiman and assaulted the city with field artillery non-stop with occasional mine attacks in the tunnels.
They were repelled by the defending forces each time they managed to gain a small victory. The battle was fierce and long before the city eventually fell.
Answer:
Senator Stephen Douglas
Explanation:
In January 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas introduced a bill that divided the land west of Missouri into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. He argued for popular sovereignty, which would allow the settlers of the new territories to decide if slavery would be legal there.