The Middle Ages was the period between the 5th and the 15th century in European history. It begins with the <em>fall of the Western Roman Empire</em> and ends with either the <em>Renaissance</em> or the <em>Age of Discovery</em>.
- What were the main components that made up the culture of the Middle Ages?
There are several ways to analyze the culture of the Middle Ages. In terms of architecture, the Middle Ages saw the birth of <em>Romanesque</em> and <em>Gothic</em> architecture, mainly developed in churches and castles. Metalwork, manuscript illustration and wall-paintings were other common forms of art. <em>Christianity</em> became relevant in all aspects of life and eventually motivated the <em>Crusades</em> (wars of reconquest). After the <em>Black Death</em> arose in 1347, about 35 million people died in the next three years. However, the plague returned several times throughout the 14th century.
- What happened in the Middle Ages, intellectually, between the 11th and 14th centuries?
The main debate in intellectual life during the Middle Ages was whether <em>reason</em> could be applied to <em>faith</em>. This led to a reexploration of Platonic ideals and advances in philosophy and theology. Law was also developed through an advance of<em> Roman law</em> into areas previously dominated by <em>customary law</em>. Vernacular literature increased, even though education remained mostly a privilege of the future clergy.
<em>Scholasticism</em> is primarily a method of learning that places emphasis on <em>dialectical reasoning</em> (deciding between opposites or contradictions through logic). This method of critical thought dominated medieval universities and arose as a need to reconcile the different traditions of knowledge that existed in medieval times.
- What does the statement “pygmies standing on the shoulders of giants” mean when applied to the intellectuals of the Middle Ages and Scholasticism?
The phrase “standing on the shoulders of giants” refers to people who make some advancement in knowledge thanks to the work of previous scholars. In this case, the addition of the word “pygmy,” which refers to very small humans, implied that Medieval advancements were very limited when compared to the advancements of the <em>Classical period</em>.
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Babylonians used the Cuneiform system of writing. They borrowed it from the Sumerians and used it for government and religious purposes. For government purposes they used Akkadian and for religious purposes they used Sumerian.
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The purpose of the Declaration of Independence is to explain to foreign nations and King George III why the colonies had chosen to separate themselves from Great Britain and become independent.
A presidential inauguration is a ceremonial event centered on the formal transition of a new president into office, its important it’s seen as a celebration because it shows the start of a new president.
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<u>the Apology of Socrates</u>
Among the primary sources about the trial and death of the philosopher Socrates (469–399 BC), the Apology of Socrates is the dialogue that depicts the trial, and is one of four Socratic dialogues, along with Euthyphro, Phaedo, and Crito, through which Plato details the final days of the philosopher Socrates.
Les Nabis.
Deriving their name from the Hebrew word for "prophets," the Nabis were founded by Paul Serusier, and were active in the late 1800s into the first decade of the 20th century. A number of members of the group were of Jewish background, so that's part of the explanation perhaps for the "Nabis" name for the movement. There was a desire to see art as a medium for revealing deeper truths. Their motto was expressed like this: "S<span>ounds, colors, and words have a miraculously expressive power beyond all representation and even beyond the literal meaning of the words."</span>
