<span>Article IV of the Constitution lays out the relationship of states to other states, and states themselves to the Federal Government. It details the obligations that a state has to another state, or other groups of states. It also details the responsibilities that the Federal Government has over individual states or groups of states. These relationships can become quite complex, but stem from simple principles.</span>
Answer: negative reinforcement by escape
Explanation: Negative reinforcement occurs when a disliked or aversive stimulus is prevented or altered or stopped. The scenario above describes negative reinforcement by escape which means that an aversive, unwanted or disliked event is removed after it has occurred. Escape is a negative reinforcement and occurs when the aversive stimulus has occurred before being removed. In the context above, Tom was only able to prevent his loss after it has occurred, meaning an escape negative reinforcement.
Answer:
- Personality inventories
Explanation:
'Personality Inventories' are described as the kind of questionnaires that the researchers employ to assess the personality traits among the respondents who fill it. It assists them in evaluating the distinct type of personalities possessing different social, behavioral, emotional, cultural, encouraging traits and having varied strengths and defects where they lag behind.
As per the given details, since Raman believes that these traits have been consistent over time irrespective of the variations in the circumstances and they can be mesaured, he would most probably employ these 'personality inventories'(questionnaires) to substantiate his claim. These <u>questionnaires would help him in assessing the validity of his belief by evaluating people's personality traits as filled in by them</u>.
According to one of the fundamental rules of the Constitution, the ultimate authority in the United States is held by "The people" - the President, Senate and the Supreme Court are only there to enforce and represent this authority.
