The Protestant reformation also called the Reformation was against the Catholic church, the system of indulgencies that it had and other issues introduced by Martin Luther and other ambitious rulers who wanted to take properties from the Catholic church.The Catholic reformation was against the Protestant Reformation and it is also called Contrareformation.
"Surrogate wars" also known as "proxy wars" are wars fought in a third country. The US and the Soviet Union were fighting each other in, for example, Afghanistan and Vietnam.
They preferred proxy wars, because they came without civilian victims of own population and without a distraction of the infrastructure of their own countries. In short, the two powers could compete militarily with each other without suffering the worst effects of the wars - this situation allowed them to try to defeat the other one without much risk to their own population.
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The first Hippodrome was built when the city was called Byzantium, and was a provincial town of moderate importance. In AD 203 the Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilt the city and expanded its walls, endowing it with a hippodrome, an arena for chariot races and other entertainment.
The system of checks and balances makes sure that one branch of gov. Doesn't get more powerful than the other by giving different powers to different branches. Like a certain branch can't do something without the "thumbs up" from the other branch. For example, the Executive Branch can veto bills from the Legislative Branch, but the Legislative Branch can override the veto. Hopefully that helped!!
With congress, the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate ensured that no matter how big or small the state was they would receive 2 senators for each state,this pleased the small states, or the New Jersey plan. The House of Reps was made to satisfy the larger states or the Virginia plan where the number of Representatives would come from the population of the state.