Tonicity refers to the affect of a solution on a cell. A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in which one (a solute) is dissolved in the other (a solvent). So a solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. This solution is homogeneous, meaning that it is a single phase and none of the solute is visible in the solvent. Common solutes would be salt or sugar. A common solvent would be water.
That solute can exert a certain amount of pressure referred to as tonicity. This pressure can affect the fluid volume and the pressure in a cell by affecting the movement of water down its concentration gradient. Yes, water, as other molecules will move down it’s concentration gradient.
Tonicity has three classifications; hypertonicity, hypotonicity and isotonicity. These refer to the concentration of a solution in reference to a living cell (a membrane bound structure).
Hypotonic –refers to a solution that is lower in solutes than that of the fluid inside of a cell. As a result, water will flow across the cell membrane into that cell (down its concentration gradient) from the surrounding environment eventually causing the cell to swell and burst (c).
Hypertonic – refers to a solution that is higher in solutes than that inside of a cell. As a result, water will flow out of the cell into the surrounding fluid eventually causing the cell to shrink or crenate (d).
Isotonic – refers to a solution whose concentration of solutes is equal to the concentration of solutes inside of a cell. The water flows equally across the membrane in both directions causing no change in the volume or shape of the cell (a,b).
walking or riding a bike instead of driving
turning off the lights when leaving a room
copying or printing on both sides of the paper
Algae and fungi are typical members of the pioneer community
<u>Answer</u>:
Inhibition of host protein synthesis would not be a potential side effect of standard antimicrobial drugs.
<u>Explanation</u>:
Antimicrobial drugs that are specific to inhibit the protein synthesis only target the units of 70S ribosomes. Hence, the ribosomes of eukaryotes remain unaffected. The microbiota present in digestive system is prokaryotic and gets affected by the antibiotics.
Antibiotics can damage the renal tubular cell of the kidney on long term use. As the excretion of toxic drug bi-products and other metabolites takes place from the kidney hence it is highly exposed to these end products.
For example, aminoglycosides have been shown to be nephrotoxic (damaging to kidney), Allergy reactions such as hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylactic reactions such as asthma, coughing, hives are the other side effects of antimicrobial drugs because the cells of immune system recognize these drugs as foreign molecules and attacks them which causes the allergy reactions.
