When water freezes(ice) it expands slightly
think ice cube tray, and why the amount of ice you get is more than the amount of water you put in<span />
Answer:
<u>Attributes of E. coli articulation frameworks </u>
Advantages:
-
Quick articulation
-
Simplicity of culture
-
Significant returns
-
Cheap
-
Genome alterations conceivable
-
Large scale manufacturing quick and practical
Disadvantages:
- Proteins with disulfide bonds hard to communicate
- Produce unglycosylated proteins
- Proteins created with endotoxins
- Acetic acid derivation development bringing about cell lethality
- Proteins created as consideration bodies
- produce dormant proteins
- needs collapsing
<u>YEAST SYSTEM </u>
Advantages:
- Nearness of post translational change
- discharge can be recognized by emission signal
- develop in minimal effort media
- straightforward hereditary control
Disadvantages:
<u>Bacillus articulation frameworks </u>
Advantages:
- Solid discharge
- no association of intracellular consideration bodies
- Simplicity of control
- Hereditarily all around portrayed frameworks
- Exceptionally created change and quality substitution advancements.
- Unrivaled development qualities
- financially savvy recuperation
<u>Animal Cells:</u>
Advantage:
- nearness of post interpretation adjustment
Disadvatages
Issues with creature utilization
Can get sullied with creature diseases
Exorbitant downstream preparing
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
