Answer: cofactors.
Explanation:
Epinephrine, insulin and auxins are cofactors.
Cofactors are non protein substance which activate enzymes activity by increasing the rate of chemical reaction of enzymes. They are organic molecules and they assist in enzyme activity. They exist in performing some reactions the enzymes cannot perform alone.
For example, insulin activate enzyme hexokinase which phosphorylate glucose.
Aim
When dividing the world into zoogeographical regions, Alfred Russel Wallace stipulated a set of criteria by which regions should be determined, foremost the use of generic rather than species distributions. Yet, recent updates of Wallace's scheme have not followed his reasoning, probably explaining in part the discrepancies found. Using a recently developed quantitative method, we evaluated the world's zoogeographical regions following his criteria as closely as possible.
Location
Global.
Methods
We subjected presence–absence data from range maps of birds, mammals and amphibians to an innovative clustering algorithm, affinity propagation. We used genera as our taxonomic rank, although species and familial ranks were also assessed, to evaluate how divergence from Wallace's criteria influences the results. We also accepted Wallace's argument that bats and migratory birds should be excluded (although he was contradictory about the birds) and devised a procedure to determine the optimal number of regions to eliminate subjectivity in delimiting the number of regions.
Results
Regions attained using genera (eight for mammals and birds and six for amphibians) strongly coincided with the regions proposed by Wallace. The regions for amphibians were nearly identical to Wallace's scheme, whereas we obtained two new ‘regions’ for mammals and two for birds that largely coincide with Wallace's subregions. As argued by Wallace, there are strong reasons not to consider these as being equivalent to the six main regions. Species distributions generated many small regions related to contemporary climate and vegetation patterns, whereas at the familial rank regions were very broad. The differences between our generic maps and Wallace's all involve areas which he identified as being uncertain in his regionalization.
Main conclusions
Despite more than 135 years of additional knowledge of distributions, the shuffling of generic concepts, and the development of computers and complex analytical techniques, Wallace's zoogeographical regions appear to be no less valid than they were when he proposed them. Recent studies re‐evaluating Wallace's scheme should not be considered updates as such because they have not followed Wallace's reasoning, and all computer‐based analyses, including this one, are subject to the vagaries of the particular methods used.
So if one organism can’t adapt to its environment then the other can. So their population doesn’t decrease
Answer:
The form of cell to cell signalling that is been used is ENDOCRINE.
Explanation:
There are four ways by which cell signalling occur in the body, these are: endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and direct signalling.
Endocrine signalling is the biochemical process by which hormone secreting glands release hormones into the blood streams and that hormone has effects on target organs that are located far away from it. Endocrine hormones are usually stable and their effects usually last for long time.
Answer:
The correct answer is -
1. stomata - openings that are most frequently found on the underside of a leaf.
2. Palaside layer - the layer in the leaf that is the primary spot of photosynthesis.
3. spongy layer - the layer within the leaf that has many holes and spaces for gases to exchange.
4. cuticle - the waxy protective coating on leaves.
5. epidermis - the outer layer of cells on leaves that has a waxy coating.
Explanation:
The structure of leaves has various layers and structures in it for specific functions.
Epidermis - it is the outermost protective layer of the leaf that has a waxy coating known as the cuticle.
Cuticle - it is a waxy coating that provides protection to the plant leaves and prevents moisture to move out of the cells.
Palisade layer - it is the closely packed photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll layer known as the primary spot for photosynthesis.
Spongy layer - it is the layer that has loosely packed photosynthetic cells and allows the gaseous exchange as their many small holes and spaces.
Stomata - Stomata is the holes or openings that are most frequently found on the underside of a leaf that allows for gaseous exchange.
