In order to better understand what motivates human beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy.
Maslow organized human needs into a pyramid that includes (from lowest-level to highest-level) physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.
If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met.
2. Safety needs - once an individual’s physiological needs are satisfied, the needs for security and safety become salient. People want to experience order, predictability and control in their lives. These needs can be fulfilled by the family and society (e.g. police, schools, business and medical care).
For example, emotional security, financial security (e.g. employment, social welfare), law and order, freedom from fear, social stability, property, health and wellbeing (e.g. safety against accidents and injury).
3. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. Belongingness, refers to a human emotional need for interpersonal relationships, affiliating, connectedness, and being part of a group.
Examples of belongingness needs include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection, and love.
4. Esteem needs are the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy and include self-worth, accomplishement and respect. Maslow classified esteem needs into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).
Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.
5. Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, and refer to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Maslow (1943) describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.
Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have a strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed economically, academically or athletically. For others, it may be expressed creatively, in paintings, pictures, or inventions.
When an organization evaluates people based on the economic or productive potential of their knowledge, experience, and actions they are viewing them as human capital which is termed as an intangible asset for any organization but not present on an organization's balance sheet. Human capital is the economic value of the employees skills, expertise and experience which comprises of their training, education, health, intelligence, punctuality, values, ethics, corporate citizenship and loyalty etc.
The target sales for the company to achieve a net income of $450,000 in the current year equals the net income plus variable cost plus the fixed costs.
To understand this better,let us use the net income formula:
net income=sales-variable costs-fixed costs
by changing the subject of the formula,we the formula for sales:
First, we have to lay out the particulars, and explain what each of them mean:
debit balance in account receivable = $32,000. This refers to an amount that cusomers owed the company at the beginning of the period.
revenue recorded = $88,000. This refers to the total sales made by the company.
At the end of the period, we are told that the account receivable contained a balance of $16,000
Therefore it means that after all the payments (both balance from previous period and sales transactions) have been made in cash, the amount which the customers owed the company = $16,000.
Hence the cash collected is calculated as follows
(debit balance at beginning + revenue) - debit balance at the end = cash collected
